Why Not to Eat at Personal Computer

When the work piled up, you'll often have to eat in front of the computer. These bad habits do you have to get rid of. Any busy work, take time to enjoy your lunch. Because not only have an effect on eating habits are not healthy but also makes your food contaminated with many bacteria. You must not realize that the keyboard that you use there are thousands of bacteria. We put the food in front of the keyboard, then you type it, these bacteria could be thrown into the food you eat.
The keyboard is one of the dirtiest office equipment and rarely cleaned. There is even research that shows if the bacteria found on the keyboard more than the bacteria found in the toilet. So, do not take risks with eating in front of the computer, because the harmful bacteria from the keyboards can contaminate food and can make you sick. Not only that, the remaining or spilled food crumbs very tempting spread animal diseases such as mice, cockroaches and flies. Can you imagine if your table, a favorite place these animals because a lot of food. You'll get a virus animal-borne diseases each day. It is important to keep cleaning your desk for work place each day. Do not just rely on the office cleaners, to clean the table. Every now and then clear the table the maximum of their own work and keep it clean, especially your keyboard. To clean your desk can use wet wipes that contain alcohol. Because the alcohol content in it enough to effectively kill the bacteria.

Vit D deficiency trigger of High Blood Pressure

For those of you young women, begin to meet the needs of the body of vitamin D from now on. Because vitamin D deficiency not only increases the risk of osteoporosis, but also the risk of high blood pressure to three-fold. It also will be felt 15 years later. The definition of vitamin D deficiency is vitamin D in the blood is less than 80 nanomol perliter blood.
Previously not known that there is a relationship between lack of vitamin D with high blood pressure. Risk of high blood pressure more than three times greater in women who are deficient in vitamin D. The condition was aggravated by body weight and smoking habits. Consume recommended vitamin D regularly 400 International Units (IU) for women under 60 years old and 600 IU for women aged over 60 years. Bask in the morning is one effective way to increase vitamin D levels in the blood than milk consumption.

Fasting, Clean Toxins from the Body

The first few days of fasting, usually you will experience weakness, dizziness, and drowsiness. Do not worry, the condition is normal, really, because your body is going through the process of adaptation to new diets. Activities held hunger, thirst, and emotions are very good for health. During fasting (not eating and drinking for about 14 hours), cells and organs associated with the gastrointestinal system, also rested. At that time, in addition to the body cells to avoid fatigue, the body detoxification process or rid themselves of toxic substances that enter the body, either through food or through the air is inhaled. When the digestive organs a rest, the body has the energy to do something else, namely toxic waste or toxins that accumulate.
When fasting, toxins, dead cells, damaged tissue, and excess fat accumulated in the body, will be burned and 'forced' out of the body. While 'trash' it out, automatically cells are given the opportunity to update (rejuvenate) themselves after working hard all this time. However, cells still need food. This is what needs to be regulated properly, so that cells that do not eat for 14 hours was not until the shortage of energy sources. So, while undergoing fasting in Ramadan, do not let you miss the meal. No matter how sleepy the attack, you should be taking the time to dawn. Way meal also should not be arbitrary. Shortly after waking up, eat it immediately, of course, that contain all the nutrients the body needs. Furthermore, about half an hour before Imsak, you need to eat again. Eat food that is lighter, but it contains a high complex carbohydrate (eg, potatoes), and not carbohydrates simplex (eg, sugar).
In addition, the type of food at iftar also noteworthy. Not recommended for direct eating various types of sweet foods such as unhealthy. Which should be eaten is the first fruit juice with no sugar (fruit juice, and instead of mashed fruit). This needs to be done so that the blood sugar rises quickly, but the hormone insulin does not participate stimulated. In the process of digestion, the sugar from the fruit does not require the hormone insulin, which does not stimulate the pancreas work.

Varicose veins occur Due Overweight?

Actually, the appearance of varicose veins has nothing to do with obesity. Varicose condition can be triggered by several conditions, such as standing too long. Varicose veins around the thigh can be prevented by placing a foot higher than his head in his sleep. If not successful, consult with vascular surgeon (blood vessels).
If you are overweight, try 1500 calorie diet. This diet is good and does not cause side effects, such as lower levels of hemoglobin (Hb) or the immune system. However, try not weight drastically, just 2-4 kg per month. With weight loss, calf and buttocks automatic would be smaller.
Reduce fat consumption as well (oil, coconut milk, and tasty food) and sugar (sweets, soft drinks, syrup, sweet tea). Eat regularly with a small portion. Implemented absolute breakfast. When the diet was weak, do light physical activity, such as walking around the house or office.
Instead, make exercise easy but effective way to lose weight walking in the morning, interspersed with jogging. Lower the intensity of jogging when you start gasping. Then continue with 10-minute walk, until the total amount to 45-60 minutes of exercise.
Note:

• Before eating, drinking a glass of water first, then vegetables, then rice and side dishes.
• Try to sleep only 2 hours after eating.
• Reduce use of salt, remove fat from meat, drinking water was limited.

Safety Tips Leave Empty Houses As Mudik

Home visit during Lebaran (Idul Fitri) aka Mudik is one ritual that many immigrants traveled from outside Jakarta, Indonesia. However, sometimes the joy behind it, tucked concern to leave the house when going home. Because the house was empty when the holidays are often the target of thieves. But, not only a thief that you need to anticipate when to leave the house when going home, but also the security of electricity and gas stoves. Who feared, these are often the cause of the fire. Therefore, before you go around, it's good to follow safety tips to leave this shelter:

1. Avoid things that can indicate that your house is empty so as not to attract the attention of the thief. These measures such as the newspaper asked the agent to not send the papers while you are away or put slippers or shoes at the door.
2. Do not leave valuables such as cash and jewelry put in the closet of the house. Money and jewelry should be placed in the bank to make it more secure.
3. Make sure all electricity safely, and no electronic device is turned to avoid electrical short that can cause fires. All it takes is a single lamp lit to avoid the impression of an empty house. If you want to turn off the electricity, use automatic lights that can die and burn themselves with the first setting the desired time.
4. Turn off the tap, and remove gas stove hose.
5. Report to the chairman of the local environment of your departure. Also provide mobile phone number to call. If the unlikely event of an emergency you will easily be reached. Leave the house from neighbors who are not going home or inform the security officer in the neighborhood.
6. If necessary, install an alarm to prevent thieves into the house, or install a hidden camera at a certain point such as bedroom and living room while you are traveling.
7. Make sure all doors and windows are locked before leaving the house.

Do not Let Ear Infections In Children

Of the ten million antibiotic prescriptions for children's ear infections every year in America, about two-thirds were not needed. This is because 80% of cases of middle ear infections (often attacking small children), will disappear in a few days, and often mistakenly diagnosed.
In many cases, the most powerful way is to wait and to alleviate pain with acetaminophen drops painkiller (prescription), and compresses to the ear (with a washcloth soaked in warm water).
Beware if:

• The symptoms do not subside within 48 hours
• An ear infection occurs repeatedly
• Great pain, loss of appetite, or a child less excited when on the move
• Cigarette smoke exposure
• Children are in day care centers (children are more susceptible to colds and flu, which can trigger an ear infection)

If the child shows signs on top (under the age of two years), your doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
Prevention: The vaccine Prevnar, which can protect the body from bacteria trigger inflammation of the lining of the brain, also can 'fight' against seven strains of bacteria that cause ear infections. (Infants immunized four times, between the ages 2 to 15 months.) Since 2000, when the vaccine is recommended for infants in the United States, cases of ear infection rates decreased to 7%.

xterminate Acne with Tomatoes

Acne on the face often becomes a serious problem for youth. Infection of the skin surface that can even make anyone stress and loss of confidence. Especially when the various anti-acne products never heal. Do not be overcome easily frustrated acne. Try the natural way to deal with acne with tomatoes. Lycopene content of tomatoes owned very efficacious for skin health.
Biological protein, phosphorus, iron, sulfur, vitamin A, B1, and C, also make good tomatoes to be applied as a mask. Not only can make acne dry, tomatoes are also nutritious black stain of acne scars.
How to make a mask of tomato:

1. Destroy the two tomatoes in a blender
2. Add lemon juice, mix well

How to use:

1. Apply to the face and neck before bed
2. Allow up to early morning
3. Rinse with warm water

For routine care smooths the face, mask tomatoes can also be used on a regular basis. After the face and neck dibalur tomato paste and lemon, do gentle massage for 15 minutes. After that wash with warm water.

Techniques of Social Engineering

In individual exploitation, social engineering is the act of manipulating people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a confidence trick or simple fraud, the term typically applies to trickery or deception for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or computer system access; in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim.
All social engineering techniques are based on specific attributes of human decision-making known as cognitive biases. These biases, sometimes called "bugs in the human hardware," are exploited in various combinations to create attack techniques, some of which are listed here:

1. Pretexting is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the pretext) to persuade a targeted victim to release information or perform an action and is typically done over the telephone. It is more than a simple lie as it most often involves some prior research or set up and the use of pieces of known information (e.g. for impersonation: date of birth, Social Security Number, last bill amount) to establish legitimacy in the mind of the target.
2. Phishing is a technique of fraudulently obtaining private information. Typically, the phisher sends an e-mail that appears to come from a legitimate business—a bank, or credit card company—requesting "verification" of information and warning of some dire consequence if it is not provided. The e-mail usually contains a link to a fraudulent web page that seems legitimate—with company logos and content—and has a form requesting everything from a home address to an ATM card's PIN.
3. This technique uses a rogue Interactive voice response (IVR) system to recreate a legitimate sounding copy of a bank or other institution's IVR system. The victim is prompted (typically via a phishing e-mail) to call in to the "bank" via a (ideally toll free) number provided in order to "verify" information. A typical system will reject log-ins continually, ensuring the victim enters PINs or passwords multiple times, often disclosing several different passwords. More advanced systems transfer the victim to the attacker posing as a customer service agent for further questioning.
4. Baiting is like the real-world Trojan Horse that uses physical media and relies on the curiosity or greed of the victim. In this attack, the attacker leaves a malware infected floppy disk, CD ROM, or USB flash drive in a location sure to be found (bathroom, elevator, sidewalk, parking lot), gives it a legitimate looking and curiosity-piquing label, and simply waits for the victim to use the device.
5. Quid pro quo means something for something. An attacker calls random numbers at a company claiming to be calling back from technical support. In a 2003 information security survey, 90% of office workers gave researchers what they claimed was their password in answer to a survey question in exchange for a cheap pen. Similar surveys in later years obtained similar results using chocolates and other cheap lures, although they made no attempt to validate the passwords.
6. Other types. Common confidence tricksters or fraudsters also could be considered "social engineers" in the wider sense, in that they deliberately deceive and manipulate people, exploiting human weaknesses to obtain personal benefit. They may, for example, use social engineering techniques as part of an IT fraud. The latest type of social engineering techniques include spoofing or hacking IDs of people having popular e-mail IDs such as Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail, etc

History of Viruses and Worms

Before Internet access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting programs or the executable boot sectors of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these executables, a virus causes itself to be run whenever the program is run or the disk is booted. Early computer viruses were written for the Apple II and Macintosh, but they became more widespread with the dominance of the IBM PC and MS-DOS system. Executable-infecting viruses are dependent on users exchanging software or boot floppies, so they spread heavily in computer hobbyist circles.
The first worms, network-borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking Unix systems. The first well-known worm was the Internet Worm of 1988, which infected SunOS and VAX BSD systems. Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process. This same behavior is used by today's worms as well.
With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the 1990s, and the flexible macro systems of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs. These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications, but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code.
Today, worms are most commonly written for the Windows OS, although a small number are also written for Linux and Unix systems. Worms today work in the same basic way as 1988's Internet Worm: they scan the network and leverage vulnerable computers to replicate.

Trojan horse

What is Trojan horse? Why it's so important to know? Trojan horse, or trojan for short, is a term used to describe malware that appears, to the user, to perform a desirable function but, in fact, facilitates unauthorized access to the user's computer system. The term comes from the Trojan Horse story in Greek mythology. Trojan horses are not self-replicating which distinguishes them from viruses and worms. Additionally, they require interaction with a hacker to fulfill their purpose. The hacker need not be the individual responsible for distributing the Trojan horse. It is possible for hackers to scan computers on a network using a port scanner in the hope of finding one with a Trojan horse installed.
Trojan horses are designed to allow a hacker remote access to a target computer system. Once a Trojan horse has been installed on a target computer system it is possible for a hacker to access it remotely and perform various operations. The operations that a hacker can perform are limited by user privileges on the target computer system and the design of the Trojan horse.
Operations which could be performed by a hacker on a target computer system include:

1. Use of the machine as part of a Botnet (e.g. to perform Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks)
2. Data Theft (e.g. passwords, security codes, credit card information)
3. Installation of software (including other malware)
4. Downloading of files
5. Uploading of files
6. Deletion of files
7. Modification of files
8. Keystroke logging
9. Viewing the user's screen
10. Wasting computer space, of course, because it reduplicate self in host computer.

Blah, Blah, Blah

Blah, blah, blah.
I'm confused to write anything. So I wrote blah-blah-blah.
Confused?
Do not be confused!
Although confused, pretending it is not confused!
Ha, ha, ha!
Just laugh if still confused.
Huh!
Making hate it!
So, what do you do when confused?
Crying? Angry?
Or is it like a daze?
Come for sharing!
Do not be saved alone.
Please write in the comments below so that all know and learn how to solve it.

Restoring the Hidden Folder Options

Folder Options is one of the sub menu on the Tool Bar Menu. Folder Options are often targeted for attack by viruses. For the Folder Options is a feature that can recognize the virus, so its presence was greatly feared by the virus, especially the local virus.
Lots of Indonesian local virus that attacked computers by eliminating Folder Options. It also turned off some features of Windows to keep its existence perched on your computer. This feature is often turned off Folder Options, Run, and the Registry. So when all three of these features can not run then you can be sure your computer infected by a virus. See a doctor immediately.
At this time we only discuss how to display the Folder Options. Here are the steps:

1. Open Notepad (select one of the easiest for you)
   • Start> All Programs> Accessories> Notepad
   • Win key + R> type notepad> enter (if not disable by virus)
2. Copy paste the following text in notepad.
   
   [HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Policies \ Explorer]
   "NoFolderOptions "= dword: 00000001


3. After that, save the file.
   File> Save or Ctrl + S.
   In the file name written up to you, but ended with the words ". Reg" [dot reg]. For example: Folder.reg
4. Run the file in a way you can double click. If there is a warning click Yes and OK.
5. Last Log Off your computer (start> log off),
6. then log in again. See the changes in Tools menu, Folder Options appear again.

Avoiding Spam E-mail

Spam or junk mail is the misuse of the electronic delivery of news to display advertising news and other purposes that lead to discomfort for web users. News forms of spam commonly known include: e-mail spam, instant messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, search engine spam web information (web search engine spam), spam blogs, spam news on cell phones, Internet forum spam, etc. Spam usually comes insistently unsolicited and often unwanted by the recipient.
Here are some tips to prevent many spam e-mails coming into your e-mail address:

1. If you have a site and must include an e-mail address you on the site you should replace the @ sign with [at]. Example: admin[at]bayuah.uni.cc
2. If you receive emails from people we do not know, we better not have to respond or answer email.
3. Never click on a link from the site email sent by someone who we do not know.
4. If you want to register on the mailing list or group that is usually provided by yahoo and google, you should use your e-mail address is not so important.
5. If you receive a spam e-mail local (Indonesian Language) you should immediately contact the national team through the spam prevention abuse[at]apjii.or.id.
6. Install anti-spam software on your computer as software MailWasher (www.mailwasher.net)
7. Enable anti-spam service in the email service you use.
8. Do not give your e-mail address you personally to any person including place of e-mail address you on Facebook, Friendster or Myspace.

Hopefully the above tips can prevent many spam e-mails coming into your e-mail.

Work at Personal Computer

You spend more time in front of the computer?
To minimize the risk of physical problems, try the following ways:

1. Find a comfortable seated position. A comfortable sitting position could at least help you avoid back pain. Do not sit on chairs that are too high or too low
2. Position your monitor correctly. Ideally located within the monitor eye and the right perspective so that the head is not too skewed up or too down.
3. Set also the direction of the light coming, do not be too bright or too dim to the eye is not tired.
4. Any one know a couple of hours rest your eyes and body. Do not dwell on the job. Many ways of relaxation that you can use for example with a walk for a moment, splash water on his face, and saw the object in the distance.

FTP Status Code

Do you have a website? Blogs also are a site. Free blogs, such as Blogspot that I wear this, most do not provide shipping options file to the server via FPT site. In fact, if the FTP, we can send more and faster than the over HTTP, meaning WebBrowser. Imagine if we had hundreds of photos that show immediate thirst, unusual certainly inconvenient and tedious having to upload one by one. FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, itself is a network protocol. This is the original protocol using port 21 as the gate. Generally paid websites provide file transfer services via FTP site.
For FTP users, we use a software called an FTP Client, a well-known is IP Switch FTP Client, it is paid. There is also a free FileZilla FTP Client. Communication between the FTP Client, which we used, with the FTP Server using the codes to facilitate communication. Here is a definition of codes, which usually appears in the FTP Client:

• 100 - Series: The requested action is being initiated, expect another reply before proceeding with a new command.
• 110 - Restart marker replay . In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server's equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and "=").
• 120 - Service ready in nnn minutes.
• 125 - Data connection already open; transfer starting.
• 150 - File status okay; about to open data connection.
• 200 - Command okay.
• 202 - Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.
• 211 - System status, or system help reply.
• 212 - Directory status.
• 213 - File status.
• 214 - Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.
• 215 - NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.
• 220 - Service ready for new user.
• 221 - Service closing control connection.
• 225 - Data connection open; no transfer in progress.
• 226 - Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).
• 227 - Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).
• 228 - Entering Long Passive Mode (long address, port).
• 229 - Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||port|).
• 230 - User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.
• 231 - User logged out; service terminated.
• 232 - Logout command noted, will complete when transfer done.
• 250 - Requested file action okay, completed.
• 257 - "PATHNAME" created.
• 331 - User name okay, need password.
• 332 - Need account for login.
• 350 - Requested file action pending further information
• 421 - Service not available, closing control connection. This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.
• 425 - Can't open data connection.
• 426 - Connection closed; transfer aborted.
• 434 - Requested host unavailable.
• 450 - Requested file action not taken.
• 451 - Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.
• 452 - Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).
• 500 - Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.
• 501 - Syntax error in parameters or arguments.
• 502 - Command not implemented.
• 503 - Bad sequence of commands.
• 504 - Command not implemented for that parameter.
• 530 - Not logged in.
• 532 - Need account for storing files.
• 550 - Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).
• 551 - Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.
• 552 - Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).
• 553 - Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

HTTP status codes

If you are on time to request to an HTTP URL address and get error messages or status messages, here are some error messages and the HTTP status that usually describes you often encounter when doing a request to an HTTP URL address.

• 200 - OK. Request has been successful.
• 301 - Moved Permanently. The document has been moved to this URL.
• 302 - Found. The document has been moved to this URL.
• 303 - See Other. The answer to your request at this URL.
• 304 - Not Modified. A copy of the cache will be used.
• 400 - Bad Request. The browser sends a request and the server could not understand.
• 401 - Authorization. Requires authorization to enter this URL.
• 403 - Forbidden. You do not have permission to access this server.
• 404 - Not Found. Document not fount.
• 405 - Method Not Allowed. The requested method GET is not allowed for the URL
• 408 - Request Time-out. Server timeout.
• 410 - Gone. The process that requested is no longer available on this server and no forwarding address.
• 411 - Length Required. Requests the requested method GET requires Content-length requires a valid
• 412 - Precondition Failed. Prerequisite to the request for evaluation URLs false value.
• 413 - Request Entity Too Large. The requested process does not allow request data with GET method or the amount of data provided in the request exceeds the capacity limit.
• 414 - Request-URI Too Large. The requested URL length exceeds the capacity limit for this server
• 415 - Unsupported Media Type. Requested data is not provided in a format that can be accepted for processing by this.
• 500 - Internal Server Error. Server experienced an internal error or misconfiguration and was not able to fulfill your request.
• 501 - Method Not Implemented. GET method to URL is not supported
• 502 - Bad Gateway. The proxy server received an invalid response from upstream server.
• 503 - Service Temporarily Unavailable. Server is temporarily unable to service your request due to maintenance downtime or capacity problems.
• 506 - Variant Also Negotiates. This indicates a configuration error.

Struggle (Short Story)

Seemed helpless figure covered in blood. Broken leg. Sprained hand. Breathing. His vision blurred. He could not feel his body. Perhaps this is the end of his life. All around was dense trees with large trunks of scary. He was alone. Not a single human being around him. There are only birds that do not care human condition. Not far from there, a tall cliff misty restrict views.
"I must survive!" his thought.

***

Two days earlier.
"Mom, I said farewell to the Utara Mountain."
"Be careful, son. Keep You."
"Yes, mom."
It's still early. However Cipan, spiky-haired skinny guy, with a resolute step to go to school. Today was the school holidays. School held a nature lover to climb the Utara Mountain, located about fifty kilometers north of the school. Utara Mountain is a favorite mountain climbing. In addition to its natural beauty, but also because of the challenging ascent path. There were about five official route of the Utara Mountain. One lane of the western mountains, two lines from the north of the mountain, and three lines from the eastern mountains. However, current Cipan friends and nature lovers will open a new route from the south mountain. This line is expected facilitate the climb for climbers from the southern mountain region.

***

At school, had seen some children who had arrived. There sitting on the porch class, sitting there in the school cafeteria, and there is a check, record, and raise the equipment will be brought to climb onto the truck would take them to Utara Mountain.
Cipan School is located at the edge of the highway. Quite busy indeed, especially when there are demonstrations that passed in front Cipan school. Here are planted in a variety of shade trees to the courtyard, the principal legacy of the predecessor. Cipan school once, several years before Cipan entered, very arid, meaning there are no shade trees at all. With the principal's initiative, of course, after meeting with teachers and school committees, school yard planted with shady trees. Only left a few hundred square meters for field service. The results were proud. Now Cipan school environment becomes cool. Even when the championships were held beautiful school environment wins.
"Anto, equipment ready?" Hari asked, the team leader nature lovers climbing school.
"Ready. Only a map carried by Cipan."
"Where is he?"
"I have not come."
"What the hell is he? It's been yet come."
"Patience, a habit he had."
Hari remembered Cipan came late to school on the first day of last school year. School gate is closed because there is a ceremony of new school year. Cash Cipan confusion. Then he was looking for ideas to get into the school yard. If the past is very dangerous future. He could have told him running around the corridors and terraces class. Could shame him. So, Cipan browse the existing rice fields on the left side, right, and behind the school. Carefully, she stepped. Afraid of getting caught. The muddy rice field dikes not discourage Cipan step. He plans over the fence behind the school that collapsed due to hit the coconut tree as heavy rain the previous week.
Once there he was surprised. It turned out that the fence was repaired. The ducks that roam there, deliberately kept pacing near Cipan. As if to tease. Because they were a bit disturbed. When the fun-fun foraging in the fields, was suddenly kicked by Cipan time passes in the embankment. With mowing Cipan keki ducks with legs.
Not far from there, from the end wall, which seemed to have a duck came in a hurry. But, as recognized Cipan kok. Squinted Cipan that person can appear more clearly.
Apparently it was a famous teacher discipline counseling but ridiculous and unfair. Cipan Suddenly turning to run away.
"Waaaaaaaaa !!!!!" Cipan screaming hysterically. Apparently, just behind the school security guard Cipan wait.
"Come on, where are you going?"
"Excuse me dying. Want to go to the bathroom. The bathroom in my house damaged. So, I was immediately off to school. I plan to wear a school. Uh, not him earlier, as time went and buses passing on the full so that my late , sir! " Cipan said plaintively at length without pause.
"Why do not you go through the gate?" counseling teachers asked who had just come out of breath.
"I'm sorry. I'm afraid of disturbing the ceremony."
"Ah, there you have reason. Come quickly to teachers picket."
Incidentally the ceremony was over. So, Cipan, such as the police seized a chicken thief, led to the picket teachers. Cipan feared happened. He was told to run around the corridors and terraces class. Not only that, once on the classroom lesson had begun. Cipan told to sing in front of the classroom by a teacher because he was late for class. Well, face flushed Cipan be held shame.
Day, who was also a classmate of Cipan, be amused to remember the incident.
"Early in the morning why vacant. Be careful, later possessed!" Hari suddenly startled by a voice familiar to him.
"Long live you, Cipan. Latterly discussed ," said Anto.
"Why are you so long?" Hari asked, still annoyed.
"Yes, sorry. Did I oversleep. Last night I was watching good movies on television."
"Fine. Where's the map?" Anto said.
"This is a map. I was yesterday reeling looking at the forest office. I was asked to head the forest office, er no more idea of officers kept records," he said, handing him a map Cipan Utara Mountain is proud to Hari.
Half an hour later a group of nature lovers team has collected and schools in a truck all. This team consists of twenty people. Nine first-graders, seven second-graders, three third-graders, and one teacher escort. The best teacher this time was Mr. Adi. He really is the art teacher. However, he has a penchant for mountain climbing. Mr. Adi was never absent in any nature-lover climb cipan school.
Mr. Adi including new teachers in the school Cipan. Mr. Adi had taught at the school Cipan time Cipan first-class. Cipan pleased to teachers. Besides being smart teaching, as well as clever jokes in class. Mr. Adi can determine when would be serious and when to relax. Well, in this relaxed time Mr. Adi started clowning.
Once a day, "I have a goat. Usually find my grass for the goats in the field near Kayati Hospital in Kaman, sometimes in Berong, sometimes at Ngajar."
Suddenly Cipan friends amazed. When the place apart. Third distance of about ten kilometers.
Not only that. When the Kayati Hospital, he caught two pairs of school uniforms boys dating Cipan under a tree near the time Mr. Adi fun-fun mowing the grass. Pak Adi indirect rebuke, but instead pulled out his camera phone.
The next day, the boys are in counseling teachers call. With the teachers counseling, Mr. Adi show both its findings. "Come on, It's who?," Said Mr. Adi repeated to the two boys.
The incident also occurred in both places for the other grass. Apparently, in addition to third place, Mr. Adi was also looking for grass in other locations.
"Be careful when making out in public places. It could be behind you is Mr. Adi with his camera phone," said Anto like to Cipan preacher, friend neighbor. Cipan just smiled at Anto.

***

The road to the Utara Mount up and down, narrow, and winding. The road was quite difficult with a lot of gaping holes are ready to confront. Only reliable and experienced drivers are able to pass this road. A steep cliff and rocky cliffs on the right to give warning to drivers to always be careful. Several times a truck carrying a group of nature lovers team stopped to allow vehicles from the opposite direction to pass.
"Don't push me!" complained Ari, second-graders.
"Sorry brother. The road was winding, hell!" Jaya said, a first-graders.
"Ouch! My feet stepped on!" Anto complained.
Cipan, Hari, and Hari is the only, uh mean all three seniors this group. They first met when Pre-MOS school.
OSIS brothers Pre-MOS time extraordinary severity. Even more fierce than a cat who stepped on his tail. Cipan time does not bring anything that was told to take it for Pre-MOS. Not because of stubborn. Cipan did not know when to take a lot of stuff in the day Pre-MOS. As a result, a month-Cipan monthly brothers yelling from the four corners of the compass in the classroom. Luckily not until Cipan ear deaf, although a little ring. Once satisfied shouted, Cipan sent out into a room at the rear corner of the hall.
There Cipan met with Hari and Anto who also did not bring anything. They shouted again with the speed of sound is difficult to measure with a stop-watch though. Cipan do not know, my brother wore Javanese, Indonesian, English, Japanese, German, or sms language. Since then, because I felt the same boat, Cipan, Hari, and Anto became friends. Everywhere always together. Not infrequently they are considered brothers by the new people know them.

***

Entering the Utara Mountain area, the cold air directly ambushed. And the sun was shining with excitement. But still lost by a thin haze still enveloped Suluh village, the nearest village from the south side of Utara Mountain. After an hour of exhausting travel, nature lovers group Cipan schools had reached the village of Suluh. They prepare lower climbing equipment.
The scene is very beautiful village with a range of mountains that seem far south. Tea plantations around the village looks like a carpet of green extend split by the river rippling clear on the west side of the village. In the north of Utara Mountain was standing proudly. It's amazing God's creation.
"It's awe-admiration. Like not just a sight like this. Quick help reduce gas stove!" Hari said the Cipan of the truck.
"You're annoying!"
Suluh village there were two groups of nature lovers from universities, ie University Students Prabaswara Nature lovers, abbreviated Burner, and University Students Sanaloka Nature lovers, abbreviated Tastever, hihi funny acronym. They also will open a new route from the south of the mountain with nature lovers Cipan school. Third party makes postal supervisor in one of citizen Village Suluh as communication and coordination center of the climb.
When finished lower climbing equipment, Cipan and school friends gathered at the court of supervisory post with another party. They prayed, led by Hasan from Burner.
"We will open a new path. It is hoped this will facilitate the path we reach the summit of Utara Mountain without having to turn to the west, east, especially the north side of the mountain. Be careful, this point has not been passed by climbers. It's possible there are many dangerous places in the route will go through, " said Hasan to all members of the group.

***

Four hours after the Cipan's group arrived at the village Suluh.
"Hari, turns, take this stove," complained Cipan. Cipan a share with a stove, ropes, and pegs.
"I'm 'a leader of the group. After all, I bring a map and compass. If I also bring a stove, then lost!"
"Why, hell, we're through here?" Anto said to Hari while you see the gap on their left side. The third group did climb the three split up to find the direction of a different route.
"Earlier, Hasan said, this is a spur line to the top of the mountain the fastest."
"Today. You asked Hasan, not really what our path," said Cipan.
Hari then contact Hasan through the handy talky. Their path through an unfriendly look. The road was narrow with gap on the left and the rock cliffs on the right.
"Looks like you lost so far as one degree since three hours ago. Try your return to the starting position. There should be no gap in your side," explained Hasan.
"Yeah, right. It turned out that we wasted three hours of this," complained Cipan.
"Uh, I was not wrong. It's a compass you," Day said defensively.
"Let's go back!" Anto advice.
"Brother and sister, we were lost. Let us return to our original position," said Day told members of the group. They protest after hearing that. However, Mr. Adi managed to calm them.
"Hari, why are we lost?" asked Mr. Adi.
"Sorry sir. Compass that I am bringing damaged."
"Then, just use my compass," said Mr. Adi.
Cipan entourage then returned to the starting position in the village of their departure Suluh.
Along the way, Hari incessantly blaming Cipan.
"This one you. should you say if you're broken compass."
"I do not know if the compass is broken! Compass that 'since you brought it yesterday! That you should check if the compass is broken!" Cipan offended.
"But, should you say before!"
"It-was. Cipan really do not know if the compass was broken. Cipan he never had the compass was to climb," Anto mediate.
"Right what Anto said. We should not blame each other in times like this," said Mr. Adi.
"Let me take a map and compass! You bring a stove it!" Cipan said in disgust.
"OK! But watch out when to get lost!" threatened Hari.
Suddenly, "Aaaaaaaaaaaaa !!!!!"
Hari stone accidentally stepped unstable. His body slammed into the cliff fall. Body Day hit the wall several times a cliff and crashed into the roots of a tree before finally falling to the ground soil in the bottom of the ravine.

***

The next day.
Weather. The sun was shining with heat.
Haaaaari state far from good. Concussion cause a broken leg. Sprained his hand when trying to reach the gap in the cliff wall. Luckily, the roots of the tree managed to restrain the rate of fall Hari, although causing severe injuries on his body.
Hari already aware of the unconscious. Several times a helicopter circling over the day. Haaaaari has repeatedly shouted for help but no sound. The helicopter then away. Day almost hopeless.
"Sshhhhh, Hari ..shhhh... what you hear me?" The sound was surprisingly Haaaaaari.
Hari searching sound origin. Not far away, Hari handy-talky saw that he was carrying. With the remaining owned energy, reached the Hari pain intense.
"Hello, h-hello. H-Hari here. I'm s-still a-alive," he said in broken Hari.
"Thank God you're shhh... alive. I Cipan. I just rem..shhh... that you still shhh...rry han...shhh...lky."
The high cliffs and dense trees that surrounded the day interfere with radio transmissions.
"Cipan, I'm s-sorry. I was w-wrong. I'm too b-blame you," Hari regret.
"It's okay, I've forgi..shhh.. you. How ar..shhh you feeling?"
"My r-right leg could not m-move. My left hand s-sprain. My b-body hurt all."
"Hang Hari. Wher..shhh your sh...sition?"
"Not far f-from where I f-fell."

***

Thirty minutes later.
"Hold on Hari," inner Cipan.
Anto insisted Cipan and helicopters joined the search, although forbidden by Mr. Adi. However, they kept pushing.
"Hari, where are you?" Cipan asked to Hari through the handy-talky.
"Under you!" Today the position is getting closer to the radio transmissions improved.
"We can not see you! Let you make a mark where your position! " Anto said.
Hari looked around, searching for something as a sign that can be seen from sky. Then he saw a pile of leaves and stove previously carried by Cipan not far from it. Days can be reached. Lucky hari. Stove is not fell on him and not explode or leak until the bottom of the ravine. Although badly damaged in the state, but still can be used. Hari lit the stove. Then grabbed a nearby dry branches and burn them. Hari threw the branch into a pile of dry leaves. Pile it on fire and smoke out of the soaring.
"There!" shouted Anto.
The helicopter flew a few dozen meters directly above the day. Two men jumped from the rescue helicopter using a rope to save the day.
"Eventually you survived, Day," said Anto and Cipan when hari was on the helicopter that led Kayati Hospital.
"This is thanks to you, Cipan," Hari said.

Bayu Aditya H
Klemunan & Kesamben, 12-16 February 2009
Note: This is a short story short story that I collect for Indonesian task of the second semester of class XII Mr. Hari Wahyudi, SMA Negeri 1 Kesamben, 2008-2009. Translated from Indonesian on September 23, 2009. The original version can be viewed at http://bayuah.blogspot.com/2009/03/perjuangan-cerpen.html. Licensed copyright, only allowed to copy for educational and other non-commercial use.

Dengue Fever alert

In the rainy season, a lot of flooding and puddles of water everywhere. This can cause the seed to flourish and mosquito larva. Among the types of mosquitoes, there are types of mosquitoes that can spread the dengue fever virus, the Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus. This virus enters the body through the bite of mosquitoes which breed mainly in the transition season, because the need stagnant water to lay their eggs and the hot sun for breeding the next stage.
The incubation period of dengue fever for three days to seven days with initial symptoms of acute fever for two or seven days, headache, sore muscles and joints, there is red spots on the skin, and the emergence of other forms of bleeding if the disease continues, for example vomiting blood , nosebleeds, and rashes on the skin. In the child has additional symptoms of a weak and weary, though not very high fever.
The third day until the fifth day is the time look out for. In this period, the patient looked well and the fever disappeared. But generally, the patient remained lethargic. At this stage, if not handled properly, the patient can enter the phase of 'shock', characterized by anxiety, abdominal pain, decreased consciousness, shortness of breath, body cold and moist, and bluish fingernails. This condition can cause death.
It can heal itself, and indeed there is no cure. Body who fight the virus. Drugs are usually used to relieve symptoms, eg fever. Dengue fever and the next six days is a healing phase.
Things to do to stay healthy in order to avoid dengue fever, as follows:

1. Doing good habits, such as eating nutritious foods, regular exercise and adequate rest;
2. Entered a period of transition, note the cleanliness of the neighborhood and did 3M, which Menguras bak mandi (drained the tub), Menutup wadah penampungan air (closed container that can hold water), and Mengubur barang-barang bekas (bury the used things) that can be used nests developments mosquito larva, even though buried in the former goods I do not agree, because it can pollute the soil. It would be better if the former things are recycled;
3. Fogging or fumigation will only kill adult mosquitoes, while abate powder will kill larvae in the water. Both must be done to break the chains mosquito breeding;
4. Immediately give febrifuge for fever if the patient has a fever or high heat;
5. If signs of shock, immediately take the patient to the hospital.

Keep health in transition season to always avoid the attack of dengue fever with the symptoms, prevention, and ways of overcoming it.
When exposed to dengue fever, give a lot of white water, tea, or liquid oralit.

Stress free and Smarter with Corn

Do you know corn is not only delicious and filling? But also contains a variety of nutritious substances. Include:

• Preventing stress. Corn can prevent stress because it contains pantothrnic acid, a type of B vitamin necessary for the production of glucocorticoids. These hormones are rapidly deliver oxygen to the epicenter, relief of stress in the brain. In addition, the amino acid L-lysine eliminate sensitivity 5-HT receptor 4 in the brain's emotional center that inhibit the stimulus causes unrest.
• Overcoming joint pain. Activity antidioksida highest corn than any other food. Means of maize contains a potent beta-cryptoxanthin. In fact, carotenoids reduce Skit joints to forty three percent. Beta cryptoxanthin relieve swelling synovial membranes, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity.
• So smart. Mature corn kernels (cooked) is the source of ferulic acid. These phytochemicals showed increased plasticity, the ability to maintain and manage memory. In addition, one cup (250 milliliter) of corn provides twenty-five percent figure Nutritional Adequacy of vitamin B1. Body uses these nutrients to synthesize acetylcholine, which optimizes neotransmiter signaling the brain to improve cognitive function until more than seventeen percent.
• Shiny hair. Biotin-rich corn, a type of vitamin that stimulates the body's production of keratin. This fibrous protein is an important component of hair shaft, preventing damage san merit increase hair sheen. In addition, folate corn fight dandruff by increasing serotonin expenses. These brain chemicals to overcome the stress hormone that causes the skin glands in the head out excess oil.

Muhammad, Pre-Prophecy History

You know Muhammad SAW? He is the last and greatest messenger Muslims. He was born about April 20 570 AD in Mecca. His father, whose name was Abdullah, died a couple of months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old, and his foster mother, a Bedouin woman, died when he was six. So, his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, took care of him for two years. After his grandfather's death, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him, and was a support to him for many years of his adult life.
In 610 CE, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the mountain of Hira near Mecca. According to Muslims, the angel Gabriel spoke with him in the cave of the mountain. This is what they believe that Gabriel said to Muhammad:

اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَق * خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ * اقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ الْأَكْرَمُ * الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ * عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ

“Read the (call) the name of your God who Creates, He has created man from a clot. Read, and the God is the Most Bounteous, who teaches (men) with the pen, He taught man that which he does not know.” (the Quran 96:1 - 5)

Muhammad ran back home scared at first. However new revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent down from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who were pagans and worshipped idols, did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islamic law . Muhammad's uncle Abu Lahab, who was a leader of Mecca, started to punish and torture all followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were put to death. Muhammad was often insulted, but was not physically harmed.
No matter how hard they tried, more people were willing to enter Islam. But then, the people of Mecca were told to throw all Muslims into the desert without their belongings. They stayed there for three years without enough food or water. Then, Muhammad's wife, Khadijah. and his uncle, Abu Talib, died in the same year. Muhammad was left without protection against the people of Mecca.
When Muhammad thought he had failed, people from Medina learnt about him and his followers. They welcomed him into their city, but Muhammad wanted them to convert to Islam in exchange. They agreed, and most of his followers went to Medina. This movement from Mecca to Medina is called the Hijra. The Hijra was also the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad stayed behind until all of his people left Mecca safely.
As Muhammad stayed in Mecca, Abu Lahab was training seven men to kill him in his sleep. But, no one saw him leaving Mecca. The men went into his house and found his cousin, Ali. So, Abu Lahab and his horsemen went to the desert to look for him and his friend, Abu Bakr.

PS: I apologize if the letters and Arabic translation I got an error. Please I was told if there are letters and a better translation.

Impacts of Earthquakes

Each disaster will have a different impact, could have a major impact may be little immediate impact, including earthquake. There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following:

• Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation. The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration. Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the seismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
• Landslides and avalanches are a major geologic hazard because they can happen at any place in the world, much like earthquakes. Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires can all produce slope instability. Landslide danger may be possible even though emergency personnel are attempting rescue.
• Fires. Following an earthquake, fires can be generated by break of the electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, the deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caused more by the fires than by the earthquake itself.
• Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, as buildings or bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, many buildings were sunk into the ground by soil liquefaction, eventually collapsing upon themselves.
• Tsunami are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by an sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers, and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour, depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.
• A Floods is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods usually occur because of the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which then collapse and cause floods. The terrain below the Sarez Lake in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flood if the landslide dam formed by the earthquake, known as the Usoi Dam, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5 million people.
• Human impacts. Earthquakes may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings; this may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Earthquakes can also precede volcanic eruptions, which cause further problems; for example, substantial crop damage, like in the "Year Without a Summer" (1816).

Earthquake

Do you know earthquake? An earthquake (also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

Idul Fitri in Many Languages

Idul Fitri, Eid ul-Fitr, or Id-ul-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr‎), in many languages:

• Bangladesh: Rojar Eid;
• Bosnian: Ramazanski Bajram, Eid;
• Hausa: Sallah;
• Indonesia: Idul Fitri, Hari Lebaran;
• Javanese: Riyoyo, Riyayan, Ngaidul Fitri;
• Kurdish: Cejna Remezanê
• Malaysia: Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Lebaran, Aidilfitri;
• Malayalam: Cheriya Perunnal;
• Senegal: Korite;
• Sundanese: Boboran Siyam;
• Turkic: Ramazan Bayramı;
• Urdu: Choti Eid;
• Pashto: Kochnay Akhtar (کوچنی اختر);
• Persian: Eid-e Sa'eed-e Fitr (The Mirthful Festival of Fitr);

So, Happy Eid, Forgive My Physical and Emotional Wrongdoings.
Selamat Hari Raya Idul Fitri, Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Batin.
Salam Aidilfitri, Maaf Zahir dan Batin.

Penataran Temple

I live in Blitar, so I want to talk about Pantaran, a temple in Kabupaten Blitar (Blitar regency).
The temple complex of Penataran, which lies about 10 kilometres to the north of Kota Blitar (Blitar city), is the largest in East Java. Known to ancient literature, as well as to inscriptions, as Palah, this temple appears to have undergone continuous construction for some two and a half centuries. Its importance can be witnessed further by the regular visits paid to it by King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit, as mentioned in the Nagarakertagama. One of the prominent buildings in the complex, the so-called 'dated temple', was in fact built during the king's reign.
Even though Penataran dates back to at least the reign of King Srengga of Kediri at the end of the 12th century, the remains which we see today are almost entirely the work of Majapahit architects and builders. Inscriptions discovered at the site reveal dates equivalent to AD 1319, 1320, 1323, 1347, 1373, 1375, and 1379. The very earliest date, from 1197, can be found on a large stone inscription standing on the south side of the main building, while the latest were inscribed in 1415 and 1454.

The Name of Indonesia

You know Indonesia? Do not know? Gosh! Indonesia is our beloved homeland! Still do not know too? Already know? Thank God! You do not know what the meaning of the name "Indonesia"?
The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, meaning "India", and the Greek nesos, meaning "island". The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië (Indonesian: Hindia Belanda)), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and even Insulinde.
From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.

Cleaning Computer Monitor

Computer screens are prone to dust (especially CRT screens) and fingerprints.
This tutorial will show you how to clean your LCD or CRT screen. The method for cleaning a monitor is very straight forward and can be completed in a few minutes.
But before...
Before cleaning your monitor, disconnect the monitor from the power supply and the computer. In the case of a laptop/notebook screen, ensure the system is turned off. If possible remove the battery.

How to clean an LCD screen (TFT/LCD computer monitor or laptop screen)
What you will need:

• a soft, anti-static cloth (for the plastic casing) (if required).
• microfibre* (lint-free) cloth (similar to eyeglass cloths).
• suitable cleaning fluid for the monitor's plastic case.
• suitable LCD screen cleaning fluid or distilled water**.

* microfibre cloths can be found in automotive and electronic stores. A good substitute would be the soft cloth used to clean eyeglasses, or in an emergency a very clean old pure cotton t-shirt. Never use paper products like tissue!
** for some screens the water may be mixed with isopropyl alchohol for stubborn marks, but always check the manufacturers instructions for your particular model. If in doubt and suitable LCD screen cleaner is not obtainable, use just water (preferably distilled).

1. If you are going to clean the monitor casing, do it before you clean the screen. Spray the anti-static cloth with a suitable cleaner (don't spray the fluid directly onto the monitor/laptop) and wipe the monitor's casing (be careful not to touch the screen with the cloth or cleaning solution).
2. To clean the screen, gently wipe the dry microfibre cloth across the surface of the screen (in straight lines) to remove any dust.
3. If there are stubborn marks, put some of the LCD cleaning fluid (or water) onto the microfibre cloth and gently clean the area (never spray fluid directly onto the LCD screen, always spray/apply onto the cloth)Ensure the screen/monitor is completely dry before use.

Cleaning a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitor
What you will need:

• a soft, anti-static cloth.
• a lint-free cloth.
• screen cleaning fluid (glass cleaner is usually ok).

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors can be cleaned in much the same way as conventional tube televisions.

1. Use the anti-static cloth and a suitable cleaner for the plastic casing of the monitor.
2. Spray the screen cleaning fluid onto the lint-free cloth (never spray directly onto the screen) and wipe the monitor's screen in straight lines.
3. Ensure the monitor is completely dry before you reconnect the power.

History of Electron

Would you like to know when was the electron discovered? And how?
The German physicist Johann Wilhelm Hittorf undertook the study of electrical conductivity in rarefied gases. In 1869, he discovered a glow emitted from the cathode that increased in size with decrease in gas pressure. In 1876, the German physicist Eugen Goldstein showed that the rays from this glow cast a shadow, and he dubbed them cathode rays.
During the 1870s, the English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes developed the first cathode ray tube to have a high vacuum inside. He then showed that the luminescence rays appearing within the tube carried energy and moved from the cathode to the anode. Furthermore, by applying a magnetic field, he was able to deflect the rays, thereby demonstrating that the beam behaved as though it were negatively charged.
In 1879, he proposed that these properties could be explained by what he termed 'radiant matter'. He suggested that this was a fourth state of matter, consisting of negatively charged molecules that were being projected with high velocity from the cathode.
The German-born British physicist Arthur Schuster expanded upon Crookes' experiments by placing metal plates in parallel to the cathode rays and applying an electric potential between the plates. The field deflected the rays toward the positively charged plate, providing further evidence that the rays carried negative charge.
By measuring the amount of deflection for a given level of current, in 1890 Schuster was able to estimate the charge-to-mass ratio of the ray components. However, this produced a value that was more than a thousand times greater than what was expected, so little credence was given to his calculations at the time.
In 1896, the British physicist J. J. Thomson, with his colleagues John S. Townsend and H. A. Wilson, performed experiments indicating that cathode rays really were unique particles, rather than waves, atoms or molecules as was believed earlier. Thomson made good estimates of both the charge e and the mass m, finding that cathode ray particles, which he called "corpuscles," had perhaps one thousandth of the mass of the least massive ion known: hydrogen. He showed that their charge to mass ratio, e/m, was independent of cathode material. He further showed that the negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials, by heated materials and by illuminated materials were universal. The name electron was again proposed for these particles by the Irish physicist George F. Fitzgerald, and the name has since gained universal acceptance.
While studying naturally fluorescing minerals in 1896, the French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that they emitted radiation without any exposure to an external energy source. These radioactive materials became the subject of much interest by scientists, including the New Zealand physicist Ernest Rutherford who discovered they emitted particles. He designated these particles alpha and beta, based on their ability to penetrate matter. In 1900, Becquerel showed that the beta rays emitted by radium could be deflected by an electric field, and that their mass-to-charge ratio was the same as for cathode rays. This evidence strengthened the view that electrons existed as components of atoms.
The electron's charge was more carefully measured by the American physicist Robert Millikan in his oil-drop experiment of 1909, of which he published the results in 1911. This experiment used an electric field to prevent a charged droplet of oil from falling as a result of gravity. This device could measure the electric charge from as few as 1–150 ions with an error margin of less than 0.3%. Comparable experiments had been done earlier by Thomson's team, using clouds of charged water droplets generated by electrolysis,[6] and in 1911 by Abram Ioffe, who independently obtained the same result as Millikan using charged microparticles of metals, then published his results in 1913. However, oil drops were more stable than water drops due to their slower evaporation rate, and thus more suited to precise experimentation over longer periods of time.
Around the beginning of the twentieth century, it was found that under certain conditions a fast moving charged particle caused a condensation of supersaturated water vapor along its path. In 1911, Charles Wilson used this principle to devise his cloud chamber, allowing the tracks of charged particles, such as fast-moving electrons, to be photographed.

Cleaning Computer Keyboard

Got a problem with the keyboard? Maybe you keyboard is very dirty. Let's clean. Just follow the instructions below. I have split the guide into two parts, the first part is for keyboards that just need a quick clean, the second part is for membran keyboards (most standard keyboards) and includes removing the keys for a thorough cleaning. To keep your keyboard in top condition the moderate cleaning could be done weekly, and the more thorough clean could be done every 2 months (depending on use).
What do you need?

1. lint free cloth.
2. dry cloth or duster.
3. suitable cleaning fluid (isopropyl alcohol).
4. cotton buds.
5. Can of compressed air or vacuum cleaner.
6. Flat tip screwdriver (optional for thorough clean)

Moderate cleaning (quick and easy)
First, shutdown your PC and remove the mains plug, unplug the keyboard (remember which socket) and hold it upside down to release any debris from inbetween the keys (pressing the keys is a good way to release it).
If you have a can of compressed air then use it to blow any debris from around and under the keys, if not then use the hose of a vacuum cleaner to remove it.
Now take one of the cotton buds and put a couple of drops of the cleaning fluid on it, use the cotton bud to clean the sides of the keys.
After cleaning the sides of the keys take your lint free cloth and dampen it with your cleaning fluid (don't put the liquid directly on the keyboard), give the surface of the keyboard a good wipe over using the cloth to trace the contours of the keys.
When you have finished give the keyboard a wipe over with the dry cloth/duster, you should now have a nice clean keyboard, to clean it more thoroughly follow the guide below.

Thorough cleaning (takes longer and requires patience)
Standard membrane keyboards only
(not laptops or non-membrane keyboards)
Shutdown your PC and remove the mains plug, unplug the keyboard (remember where it was plugged in) and hold it upside down to release any debris from inbetween the keys.
This is where the patience comes in, make a note of the position of all the keys or you will have trouble putting them back correctly, alternatively just remove the letter keys A - Z from the keyboard (which is where the most of the dust/debris will be) and put them back.
All the keys can be removed although the larger keys (space bar, enter key, shift keys, backspace, caps lock, etc) can be difficult to put back so you might avoid removing them.
Remove the keys using the screwdriver, ease the screwdriver under the key and gently lift the key top off.
note: don't forget to make a note of their position !!
When you have removed all the keys (except any keys you wish to avoid) use the compressed air (or vacuum cleaner) to remove any dust and debris from inside the keyboard.
Now is a good time to give the keys a proper clean, for best results clean each one individually (the patience thing again) with the cloth and cleaning fluid, when clean, wipe them over with the dry cloth.
Before replacing the keys, take your lint free cloth and dampen it with your cleaning fluid (don't put the liquid directly on the keyboard), give the surface of the keyboard a good wipe over ensuring to clean as much as possible any keys that you haven't removed.
When the keyboard is nice and clean replace the keys according to your notes or if you have just removed the letter keys, to put the keys back on position the key in place and press gently but firmly until it clicks home.
After replacing all the keys give the keyboard a quick wipe over with your dry cloth and you have a nice clean keyboard.